| S-Abduct |
abductions and hostage taking |
| S-Accidents |
accidental and unexplained human incidents |
| S-Accuse / Criticize |
allege, blame, find fault, hold accountable, censure, rebuke, "whistle blowing" |
| S-Agree / Accept |
accept invitations, agree to a proposal, future action (including scheduled truces), suggestion or request |
| S-Aid to guerrillas |
Any aid to guerrilla groups. |
| S-Apologize |
admit wrongdoing, acknowledge with remorse, express regret |
| S-Appeal / Request |
general requests and pleading /
appealing for a (humanitarian) cause, typically by a third party (contrast with calls to action) |
| S-Arbitration / Mediation |
arbitration & mediation independent of the judicial system |
| S-Arms control |
reduce or control arms, disarm, destroy weapons, de-mining operations, includes weapons monitors and inspections |
| S-Arms transactions |
commercial sales, transfers and lending of military armaments and equipment |
| S-Arrest / Detain |
detain arrest, hold or incarcerate people |
| S-Ask for material aid |
ask for material assistance, economic aid and armaments |
| S-Ask for protection |
ask for shelter or protection, seek asylum, request respect of sovereignty |
| S-Assassinate |
political killings and attempts to kill reported as political, except armed mutiny |
| S-Assault |
physical force attack or physical battering, beating or raping by an individual in a non-riot context, may include casualties |
| S-Assent / Approve |
assent, certify, accredit, ratify or assent to proposals, requests and agreements |
| S-Assure / Reassure |
assure or reassure promised or continuing support or positive interest |
| S-Bomb |
bombing and mining operations, includes attempts, excludes de-mining operations (see arms control) |
| S-Boycott |
imposition of economic, social or political boycott |
| S-Break relations |
severance of formal and informal ties, declarations of independence |
| S-Call to action / Urge |
urge others to mobilize and calls for specific action, aid or intervention in response to a particular problem or disaster (contrast with general appeals) |
| S-CBR weapon use |
use of chemical, biological or nuclear weapons against a territory or people |
| S-Censor |
limit, curb or intimidate the media, ban discussion of ideas, ban information |
| S-Change plans |
apparently benign cancellation or postponement of a planned event or withdraw of an offer); default category for changes made without explicit protest |
| S-Charge / Indict |
file charge or implicate, arraign, indict, seek impeachment |
| S-Claim responsibility |
admit or acknowledge without remorse, take responsibility for an action or situation (contrast with Apologize) |
| S-Collaborate |
form alliance, or associate with, merge, join, accompany, collaborate, includes extradictions |
| S-Complain |
making an informal complaint about or publicly questioning an action, statement or policy |
| S-Control crowds |
compliance force techniques used by police and others for crowd control |
| S-Coup / Mutiny |
rebellion or insubordination by military personnel, includes all coups & attempted coups |
| S-Death |
death and the process of dying |
| S-Declare war |
formal or official statement that a state of military war exists, excludes "wars on drugs" and other social problems |
| S-Decline comment |
explicit decline or refusal to comment on a situation |
| S-Defy |
open defiance of laws and norms, civil disobedience |
| S-Denounce |
condemn, denigrate, name-calling |
| S-Deny accusation |
deny, negate or disaffirm allegation or accusations |
| S-Deport |
deport individuals and groups |
| S-Disavow |
disavow, distance or disassociate from attributed positions, roles or policies |
| S-Discuss |
direct talks, meetings (anywhere) and negotiations, in person or via telecommunications |
| S-Ease restriction |
extend civil liberties or economic freedom, release or set people free, pardon, amnesty, commute or reduce sentence, relax censorship |
| S-Ease sanctions |
interrupt, suspend, void, terminate or lessen a non-physical (force) or military sanction, reduce fine or penalty, return property and withdrawal of troops |
| S-Elections |
public elections and referenda |
| S-Empathize |
express condolences or sympathy, forgive, reconcile, attend funerals and other ceremonies |
| S-Endorsement |
nominate, support or sponsor people or policies |
| S-Exclude |
banish, expel, exclude, evict, excommunicate, disqualify individuals and groups, fire employees |
| S-Explain |
explanation of policy or future position |
| S-Extend economic aid |
extending (must include the delivery) monetary aid and financial guarantees, grants, gifts and credit |
| S-Extend military aid |
extending military and police assistance, including arms and personnel, includes military and police peacekeeping, and joint military exercises |
| S-Extend other aid |
extending non-military / non-economic assistance, including civil training, development assistance, education & training, humanitarian aid & monitoring elections |
| S-Formal protest |
file a formal complaint or protest, includes impeachment and recall procedures and petition drives |
| S-Give warning |
warn of danger, express caution, sound alarm, admonish, excludes implicit military threats |
| S-Halt negotiations |
abrupt or abnormal stop / interruption of talks or negotiations |
| S-Harass |
intimidation and stalking |
| S-Hide / Elude |
flee, hide or escape from capture or seizure |
| S-Host |
hosting an invited visitor |
| S-Illness / Injuries |
illnesses, injuries |
| S-Improve relations |
begin, improve or resume an activity or relations, formally acknowledge or extend diplomatic recognition |
| S-Invite |
extend invitation to visit |
| S-Issue order |
compel, insist on compliance, lay claim to some object or territory, assert control or ownership |
| S-Legislate laws |
propose bills, enact laws, declare resolutions & edicts |
| S-Litigation |
official court and judicial proceedings, but not rulings |
| S-Market transactions |
non-military financial and commercial transactions, barter exchanges & sales |
| S-Military air display |
public demonstration or testing of airborne military capabilities not involving combat operations |
| S-Military alert |
reported increase in the military readiness of a conventional armed force |
| S-Military blockade |
use of armed (military, police or security) forces to seal off a territory to prevent exit or entry of goods or personnel |
| S-Military border fortification |
explicit attempt to publicly demonstrate military control over a border area |
| S-Military border violation |
belligerent crossing by armed (military, police or security) forces, without engagement, of a recognized boundary |
| S-Military clash |
ambiguous initiation of military hostilities or engagement between armed forces, includes truce violations (use as default for war and battles) |
| S-Military mobilization |
activation of all or part of previously inactive armed forces, arms races, military exercises, training and arms displays |
| S-Military naval display |
public demonstration or testing of naval armed forces not involving combat operations |
| S-Military occupation |
use of armed (military) forces to occupy the whole or part of a territory |
| S-Military raid |
initiation of the use of armed (military, police or security) forces to fire upon another armed force, population or territory |
| S-Military seizure |
capture of military material, troops or other prisoners of war by armed (military) forces |
| S-Military troops display |
public demonstration or testing land based armed (military) forces not involving combat operations |
| S-Neutral comment |
neutral or ambiguous comment on a situation |
| S-Nuclear alert / Testing |
reported increase in military readiness of a nuclear force and nuclear testing |
| S-Occupy |
occupations and incursions by non-military individuals or groups not involving combat operations |
| S-Offer proposal |
offer incentives, suggest talks, propose resolution or truce, initiate contingent improved relations, offers to mediate |
| S-Optimistic comment |
optimistic or positive comment on a situation |
| S-Organizational Adjustments |
routine organizational changes, restructuring, appointments & dismissals not otherwise classified |
| S-Performances |
performing arts and entertainment events and exhibitions, excluding sports |
| S-Pessimistic comment |
pessimistic or negative comment on a situation |
| S-Physical attack |
armed conflict or physical battering, beating or raping, organized by an armed group against another group, includes snipers |
| S-Physical punishment |
sanctioned physical (body) punishment |
| S-Praise |
acclaim, commend, extol, laud, offer thanks or appreciation, give prize or award, bestow honor |
| S-Promise assistance |
promise human (non-material) assistance, including technicians, experts and observers |
| S-Promise material support |
promise material support, including supplies, armaments & economic aid |
| S-Promise policy support |
promise to use influence or to support in a political manner, give general expression of support |
| S-Protest altruism |
self-depriving appeal (typically civil disobedience) |
| S-Protest ceremony |
protest ceremonies, and symbolic displays including vigils and standing displays |
| S-Protest delay |
deliberately abstaining from or postponing an activity, suspend operations, work to the rule, filibuster |
| S-Protest march |
protests moving from one location to another |
| S-Protest obstruction |
impede or block action |
| S-Protest picket |
picketing, placarding, displays |
| S-Protest rally |
protest rally, gathering, demonstration |
| S-Protest--other |
miscellaneous (and default) protest demonstrations not otherwise categorized |
| S-Reduce activity |
withdraw representative, suspend or reduce diplomatic privilege, lockout, back away from or distance |
| S-Reduce aid |
reduce or halt current aid or assistance, withhold promised support |
| S-Refuse / Object |
disagree or object, refuse to allow or acknowledge, restrict or suspend liberties, invoke martial law |
| S-Reject proposal |
reject proposal or request |
| S-Release / Return |
release people and return property |
| S-Riot |
outbreaks of unruly turmoil, includes violence and destruction in non-battle contexts |
| S-Rulings |
judgments, judicial rulings, sentences and decisions, including the imposition of fines and penalties |
| S-Sanction--economic |
professional & labor strikes, excludes judicial fines and penalties (default sanction) |
| S-Sanction--social |
general, social & political strikes, ostracism, blackball, disclosure, withhold political support (use Sanction for unspecified costs) |
| S-Seek information |
investigate, search for information, carry out search warrants |
| S-Seize Possession |
non-military seizure, theft or confiscation, spying |
| S-Shelter / Protect |
offer protection or refuge, grant asylum |
| S-Solicit support |
request political support or solicit use of political influence, including electoral campaigning and lobbying |
| S-Sports events |
sporting games, competitions and exhibitions |
| S-Support rallies |
support rallies, celebrations, public displays of support, except commemorations |
| S-Threaten military war |
explicit threat to declare a state of military war |
| S-Threaten ultimatum |
explicit threat with a definitve ultimatum |
| S-Threaten--military attack |
explicit threat to use armed forces in a military attack or invasion |
| S-Threaten--military blockade |
explicit threat to use armed ships, airplanes or military troops to prevent entry or exit |
| S-Threaten--military occupation |
explicit threat to use armed (military) forces to occupy the whole or part of a territory |
| S-Threaten--nuclear |
explicit threat to use a nuclear weapon against armed forces, a population or territory |
| S-Threaten--physical force |
explicit threat or ultimatum to use physical (but not military) force to injure or kill people (use Threaten for unspecified costs) |
| S-Threaten--sanction |
explicit threat or ultimatum to impose an economic social or political sanction (use Threaten for unspecified costs) |
| S-Threaten--unspecified |
explicit threat or ultimatum to impose negative but unspecified cost or interest (default threat) |
| S-Torture |
gross human rights abuses and torture, mutilation, maiming, disfigurement, deprivation, "disappearing," massacres and genocide |
| S-Truce |
actually reduce, abate, halt or suspend physical (force) hostilities, begin cease fire or truce, (contrast with proposals and agreements to future actions) |
| S-Vandalism |
deliberately disabling, defacing or destroying things (not in the context of military attacks & riots), excludes symbolic destruction (e.g.. Flag burning) |
| S-Veto |
refuse to assent to formal rejection of legislative bill, recommendation or resolution |
| S-Visit |
travel to visit a (hosted) meeting |
| S-Weather events |
weather related incidents and natural disasters |
| S-Yield possession |
give up, release, cede control, abandon or surrender territory or property in the face of coercion |
| S-Yield to order |
submit to arrest, surrender, obey an order or demand |
| N-Abduct |
abductions and hostage taking |
| N-Accidents |
accidental and unexplained human incidents |
| N-Accuse / Criticize |
allege, blame, find fault, hold accountable, censure, rebuke, "whistle blowing" |
| N-Agree / Accept |
accept invitations, agree to a proposal, future action (including scheduled truces), suggestion or request |
| N-Aid to guerrillas |
Any aid to guerrilla groups. |
| N-Apologize |
admit wrongdoing, acknowledge with remorse, express regret |
| N-Appeal / Request |
general requests and pleading / appealling for a (humanitarian) cause, typically by a third party (contrast with calls to action) |
| N-Arbitration / Mediation |
arbitration & mediation independent of the judicial system |
| N-Arms control |
reduce or control arms, disarm, destroy weapons, de-mining operations, includes weapons monitors and inspections |
| N-Arms transactions |
commercial sales, transfers and lending of military armaments and equipment |
| N-Arrest / Detain |
detain arrest, hold or incarcerate people |
| N-Ask for material aid |
ask for material assistance, economic aid and armaments |
| N-Ask for protection |
ask for shelter or protection, seek asylum, request respect of sovereignty |
| N-Assassinate |
political killings and attempts to kill reported as political, except armed mutiny |
| N-Assault |
physical force attack or physical battering, beating or raping by an individual in a non-riot context, may include casualties |
| N-Assent / Approve |
assent, certify, accredit, ratify or assent to proposals, requests and agreements |
| N-Assure / Reassure |
assure or reassure promised or continuing support or positive interest |
| N-Bomb |
bombing and mining operations, includes attempts, excludes de-mining operations (see arms control) |
| N-Boycott |
imposition of economic, social or political boycott |
| N-Break relations |
severance of formal and informal ties, declarations of independence |
| N-Call to action / Urge |
urge others to mobilize and calls for specific action, aid or intervention in response to a particular problem or disaster (contrast with general appeals) |
| N-CBR weapon use |
use of chemical, biological or nuclear weapons against a territory or people |
| N-Censor |
limit, curb or intimidate the media, ban discussion of ideas, ban information |
| N-Change plans |
apparently benign cancellation or postponement of a planned event or withdraw of an offer); default category for changes made without explicit protest |
| N-Charge / Indict |
file charge or implicate, arraign, indict, seek impeachment |
| N-Claim responsibility |
admit or acknowledge without remorse, take responsibility for an action or situation (contrast with Apologize) |
| N-Collaborate |
form alliance, or associate with, merge, join, accompany, collaborate, includes extradictions |
| N-Complain |
making an informal complaint about or publicly questioning an action, statement or policy |
| N-Control crowds |
compliance force techniques used by police and others for crowd control |
| N-Coup / Mutiny |
rebellion or insubordination by military personnel, includes all coups & attempted coups |
| N-Death |
death and the process of dying |
| N-Declare war |
formal or official statement that a state of military war exists, excludes "wars on drugs" and other social problems |
| N-Decline comment |
explicit decline or refusal to comment on a situation |
| N-Defy |
open defiance of laws and norms, civil disobedience |
| N-Denounce |
condemn, denigrate, name-calling |
| N-Deny accusation |
deny, negate or disaffirm allegation or accusations |
| N-Deport |
deport individuals and groups |
| N-Disavow |
disavow, distance or disassociate from attributed positions, roles or policies |
| N-Discuss |
direct talks, meetings (anywhere) and negotiations, in person or via telecommunications |
| N-Ease restriction |
extend civil liberties or economic freedom, release or set people free, pardon, amnesty, commute or reduce sentence, relax censorship |
| N-Ease sanctions |
interrupt, suspend, void, terminate or lessen a non-physical (force) or military sanction, reduce fine or penalty, return property and withdrawal of troops |
| N-Elections |
public elections and referenda |
| N-Empathize |
express condolences or sympathy, forgive, reconcile, attend funerals and other ceremonies |
| N-Endorsement |
nominate, support or sponsor people or policies |
| N-Exclude |
banish, expel, exclude, evict, excommunicate, disqualify individuals and groups, fire employees |
| N-Explain |
explanation of policy or future position |
| N-Extend economic aid |
extending (must include the delivery) monetary aid and financial guarantees, grants, gifts and credit |
| N-Extend military aid |
extending military and police assistance, including arms and personnel, includes military and police peacekeeping, and joint military exercises |
| N-Extend other aid |
extending non-military / non-economic assistance, including civil training, development assistance, education & training, humanitarian aid & monitoring elections |
| N-Formal protest |
file a formal complaint or protest, includes impeachment and recall procedures and petition drives |
| N-Give warning |
warn of danger, express caution, sound alarm, admonish, excludes implicit military threats |
| N-Halt negotiations |
abrupt or abnormal stop / interruption of talks or negotiations |
| N-Harass |
intimidation and stalking |
| N-Hide / Elude |
flee, hide or escape from capture or seizure |
| N-Host |
hosting an invited visitor |
| N-Illness / Injuries |
illnesses, injuries |
| N-Improve relations |
begin, improve or resume an activity or relations, formally acknowledge or extend diplomatic recognition |
| N-Invite |
extend invitation to visit |
| N-Issue order |
compel, insist on compliance, lay claim to some object or territory, assert control or ownership |
| N-Legislate laws |
propose bills, enact laws, declare resolutions & edicts |
| N-Litigation |
official court and judicial proceedings, but not rulings |
| N-Market transactions |
non-military financial and commercial transactions, barter exchanges & sales |
| N-Military air display |
public demonstration or testing of airborne military capabilities not involving combat operations |
| N-Military alert |
reported increase in the military readiness of a conventional armed force |
| N-Military blockade |
use of armed (military, police or security) forces to seal off a territory to prevent exit or entry of goods or personnel |
| N-Military border fortification |
explicit attempt to publicly demonstrate military control over a border area |
| N-Military border violation |
belligerent crossing by armed (military, police or security) forces, without engagement, of a recognized boundary |
| N-Military clash |
ambiguous initiation of military hostilities or engagement between armed forces, includes truce violations (use as default for war and battles) |
| N-Military mobilization |
activation of all or part of previously inactive armed forces, arms races, military exercises, training and arms displays |
| N-Military naval display |
public demonstration or testing of naval armed forces not involving combat operations |
| N-Military occupation |
use of armed (military) forces to occupy the whole or part of a territory |
| N-Military raid |
initiation of the use of armed (military, police or security) forces to fire upon another armed force, population or territory |
| N-Military seizure |
capture of military material, troops or other prisoners of war by armed (military) forces |
| N-Military troops display |
public demonstration or testing land based armed (military) forces not involving combat operations |
| N-Neutral comment |
neutral or ambiguous comment on a situation |
| N-Nuclear alert / Testing |
reported increase in military readiness of a nuclear force and nuclear testing |
| N-Occupy |
occupations and incursions by non-military individuals or groups not involving combat operations |
| N-Offer proposal |
offer incentives, suggest talks, propose resolution or truce, initiate contingent improved relations, offers to mediate |
| N-Optimistic comment |
optimistic or positive comment on a situation |
| N-Organizational Adjustments |
routine organizational changes, restructuring, appointments & dismissals not otherwise classified |
| N-Performances |
performing arts and entertainment events and exhibitions, excluding sports |
| N-Pessimistic comment |
pessimistic or negative comment on a situation |
| N-Physical attack |
armed conflict or physical battering, beating or raping, organized by an armed group against another group, includes snipers |
| N-Physical punishment |
sanctioned physical (body) punishment |
| N-Praise |
acclaim, commend, extol, laud, offer thanks or appreciation, give prize or award, bestow honor |
| N-Promise assistance |
promise human (non-material) assistance, including technicians, experts and observers |
| N-Promise material support |
promise material support, including supplies, armaments & economic aid |
| N-Promise policy support |
promise to use influence or to support in a political manner, give general expression of support |
| N-Protest altruism |
self-depriving appeal (typically civil disobedience) |
| N-Protest ceremony |
protest ceremonies, and symbolic displays including vigils and standing displays |
| N-Protest delay |
deliberately abstaining from or postponing an activity, suspend operations, work to the rule, filibuster |
| N-Protest march |
protests moving from one location to another |
| N-Protest obstruction |
impede or block action |
| N-Protest picket |
picketing, placarding, displays |
| N-Protest rally |
protest rally, gathering, demonstration |
| N-Protest--other |
miscellaneous (and default) protest demonstrations not otherwise categorized |
| N-Reduce activity |
withdraw representative, suspend or reduce diplomatic privilege, lockout, back away from or distance |
| N-Reduce aid |
reduce or halt current aid or assistance, withhold promised support |
| N-Refuse / Object |
disagree or object, refuse to allow or acknowledge, restrict or suspend liberties, invoke martial law |
| N-Reject proposal |
reject proposal or request |
| N-Release / Return |
release people and return property |
| N-Riot |
outbreaks of unruly turmoil, includes violence and destruction in non-battle contexts |
| N-Rulings |
judgments, judicial rulings, sentences and decisions, including the imposition of fines and penalties |
| N-Sanction--economic |
professional & labor strikes, excludes judicial fines and penalties (default sanction) |
| N-Sanction--social |
general, social & political strikes, ostracism, blackball, disclosure, withhold political support (use Sanction for unspecified costs) |
| N-Seek information |
investigate, search for information, carry out search warrants |
| N-Seize Possession |
non-military seizure, theft or confiscation, spying |
| N-Shelter / Protect |
offer protection or refuge, grant asylum |
| N-Solicit support |
request political support or solicit use of political influence, including electoral campaigning and lobbying |
| N-Sports events |
sporting games, competitions and exhibitions |
| N-Support rallies |
support rallies, celebrations, public displays of support, except commemorations |
| N-Threaten military war |
explicit threat to declare a state of military war |
| N-Threaten ultimatum |
explict threat with a definitive ultimatum |
| N-Threaten--military attack |
explicit threat to use armed forces in a military attack or invasion |
| N-Threaten--military blockade |
explicit threat to use armed ships, airplanes or military troops to prevent entry or exit |
| N-Threaten--military occupation |
explicit threat to use armed (military) forces to occupy the whole or part of a territory |
| N-Threaten--nuclear |
explicit threat to use a nuclear weapon against armed forces, a population or territory |
| N-Threaten--physical force |
explicit threat or ultimatum to use physical (but not military) force to injure or kill people (use Threaten for unspecified costs) |
| N-Threaten--sanction |
explicit threat or ultimatum to impose an economic social or political sanction (use Threaten for unspecified costs) |
| N-Threaten--unspecified |
explicit threat or ultimatum to impose negative but unspecified cost or interest (default threat) |
| N-Torture |
gross human rights abuses and torture, mutilation, maiming, disfigurement, deprivation, "disappearing," massacres and genocide |
| N-Truce |
actually reduce, abate, halt or suspend physical (force) hostilities, begin cease fire or truce, (contrast with proposals and agreements to future actions) |
| N-Vandalism |
deliberately disabling, defacing or destroying things (not in the context of military attacks & riots), excludes symbolic destruction (e.g.. Flag burning) |
| N-Veto |
refuse to assent to formal rejection of legislative bill, recommendation or resolution |
| N-Visit |
travel to visit a (hosted) meeting |
| N-Weather events |
weather related incidents and natural disasters |
| N-Yield possession |
give up, release, cede control, abandon or surrender territory or property in the face of coercion |
| N-Yield to order |
submit to arrest, surrender, obey an order or demand |